Renewable Energy
In the past century,it has been seen that the consumption of non-renewable sources of energy has caused more environmental damage than any other human activity. Electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil has led to high concentrations of harmful gases in the has in turn led to many problems being faced today such as ozone depletion and global warming. Vehicular pollution has also been a major problem.
Therefore,alternative sources of energy have become very important and relevant to today's e sources,such as the sun and wind,can never be exhausted and therefore arc called cause less emission and are available r use can. to a large extent,reduce chemical,radioactive, and thermalpollution. They stand out as a viable source of clean and limitless e are also known as non-conventional sources of of the renewable sources of energy are fairfy non-polluting and considered clean though biomass,a renewable source,is a major polluter indoors.
Solar Energy
Solar energy is the most readily available source of does not belong to anybody and is,therefore, is also the most important of the non-conventional sources of energy because it is non-polluting and,s in lessening the greenhouse effect.
Solar energy has been used since prehistoric in a most primitive re 1970,some research and development was carried out in a few countries to exploit solar energy more efficiently,but most of this work remained mainly r the dramatic rise in oil prices in the 1970s,several countries began to formulate extensive research and development programmes to exploit solar energy.
When we hang out our clothes to dry in the sun,we use the energy of the the same way, solar panels absorb the energy of the sun to provide heat for cooking and for heating systems are available in the market and are being used in homes and factories.
Solar energy can also be ursed to meet our electricity ugh Solar Photovoltaic(SPV)cells,solar radiation gets converted into DC electricity electricity can either be used as it is orcan be stored in the stored electrical energy then can be used ac night.
Hydro Power
Hydro power is one of the best,cheapest,and cleanest source of energy,although,with big dams,there are many environmental and social l dams are,however,free from these is in fact one ofthe earliest known renewable energy the country(since the beginning of the 20th century).
In fact,for the last few hundred years,people living in the hills of the Himalayas have been using water chakki,to grind des being free from the problem of l hydropower plants arealso free from issues and controversies that are associated with the bigger ly affecting the lives of thousands of people living along the banks of the ruction of large areas under seismological threats.
New environmental laws affected by the danger of global warming have made energy from small hydropower plants more e small hydropower piants can serve the energy needs of remote rural areas real challenge in a remote area lies in successful marketing of the energy and recovering the l industries should be encouraged to use this electricity for sustainable development.
It is a technology with enormous ph could exploit the water resources to supply energy to remote rural areas with little access to conventional energy also eliminates most of the negative environmental effects associated with large hydro projects.
Energy From the Sea-Ocean Thermal,Tidal and Wave Energy
On an averaige,the 60 million square kilometre of the tropical seas absorb solar radiation equivalent to the heat content of 245 billion barrels of ntists feel that if this energy can be tapped a large source of energy will be available to the tropical countries and to other countries as process of harnessing this energy is called OTEC(ocean thermal energy conversion) uses the temperature differences between the surface of the ocean and the depths of about lOOOm to operate a heat h produces electric power.
Energy is also obtained from wavcs and some countries such as Japan small scale power generators run by energy from waves of the ocean,have been used as power sources for channcl marking buoys.
Biomass
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of various human and natural is derived from numerous sources,including the by-products from the timber cultural crops,raw material from the forest,major parts of household waste and wood.
Biomass does not add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as it absorbs the same amount of carbon in growing as it releases when consumed as a fuel. Its advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same equipment of power plants that are now burning fossil ass is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal,oil and natural gas.
Traditional use of biomass is more than its use in modern the developed world biomass is again becoming important for applications such as combined heat and power addition,biomass energy is gaining significance as a source of clean heat for domestic heating and community heating fact in countries like and Sweden the per capita biomass energy used is higher than it is in a or in Asia.
Geothermal Energy
We live between two great sources of energy,the hot rocks beneath the surface of the earth and the sun in the ancestors knew che value of geothermal energy;they bathed and cooked in hot y we have recognized that this resource has potential for much broader application.
The core of the earth is very hot and it is possible to make use of this geothermal energy(in Greek it means heat from the earth)e are areas where there are springs,and geysers,and methane under the water in the oceans and seas. n some countries,such as in the USA water is pumped from underground hot water deposits and used to heat people's houses.
The utilization of geothermal energy for the production of electricity dates back to the early part of thetwentieth 50 years the generation of electricity from geothermal energy was confined to Italy and interest in this technology was slow co spread 1943 the use of geothermal hot water was pioneered in lceland.
Co-generation
Co-generation is the concept or producing two forms of energy from one of the forms of energy must always be heat and the other may be electricity or mechanical a conventional power plant,fuel is burnt in a boiler to generate high-pressure steam is used to drive a h in turn drives an alternator through a steam turbine to produce electric exhaust steam is generally condensed to water which goes back to the boiler.
As the low-pressure steam has a large quantum of heat which is lost in the process of condensing,the efficiency of conventional power plants is only around 35% a cogeneration plant,very high efficiency levels,in the range of 75%-90%,can be is so,because the low-pressure exhaust steam coming out of th turbine is not condensed,but used for heating purposes in factories or houses.
Since co-generation can meet both power and heat needs, it has otber advantages as well in the form of significant cost savings for the plant and reduction in emissions of pollutants due to reduced fuel consumption.
concentrations of harmful gases are resulted from______________.
A) ozone depletion
B) global warming
C) the consumption of fossil fuels
D) serious water and air pollution
sun and wind are called renewable energy because they are____________.
A) natural
B) inexhaustible
C) newly-found
D) clean
ass,though a renewable energy,mainly causes_______________.
A) indoor pollution
B) outdoor pollution
C) industrial pollution
D) agricultural pollution
the l970s,some countries began to be concerned about solar energy because of___________.
A) economic recession
B) sharp rise in oil prices
C) reduced oil production
D) increased research funds
the hills of the Himalayas,“chakki”are used for_____________.
A) purifying water
B) keeping animals
C) producing power
D) exchanging goods
is recommended to be used by the remote rural areas with little access to conventionalenergy sources?
A) Small hydropower plants.
B) Solar energy heaters.
C) Wind power mills.
D) Hot spring thermal energy.
is mentioned that,between the surface and the depth of the ocean,there are great differences in_____________.
A) dissolved substance
B) natural resource variety
C) marine life species
D) water temperature
r coal oil and natural gases,the fourth most important fuel is_____________.
and was the first counfry that______________.
the conventional power plants,a large quantum of heat is lost in the process of condensing______________.
答案：
1.[C][定位]根據題幹中的high concentrations of harmful gases查找到第1段第2句。
解析：選項C與題幹組成的因果關係與原文該句中的因果關係雖然表述不同，但內容相同，因此選項C爲本題答案。選項A和選項B是high concentrations of harmful gases造成的結果，而非原因，因此不能選。
2.[B][定位]根據題幹中的sun,wind，renewable等詞查找到第2段第2句。
解析：選項B與原文該句中的can never be exhausted同義，爲本題答案。選項A和選項C的內容沒有在原文提及，選項D不能與題幹構成相應的因果關係。
3.[A][定位]根據題幹中的biomass查找到第2段最後一句。
解析：原文該句中的a major polluter indoors表明biomass主要引起室內的污染，選項A表達了與此相同的內容，故爲本題答案。
4.[B][定位]根據題幹中的數字1970s查找到第1個小標題Solar Energy下第2段最後一句。
解析：在四個選項中，只有選項B在原文該句中提及，其他選項都是無中生有。
5.[C][定位]根據題幹中的大寫名詞Himalayas和專有名詞“chakki”查找到第2個小標題Hydro Power下第2段第1句。
解析：原文該句以居住在喜馬拉雅山的人們爲例說明人們很早就開始“利用水力發電”了，因此，本題應選C。
6.[A][定位]根據題幹中的remote rural areas和conventional等詞查找到第2個小標題Hydro Power下第4段首句。
解析：原文該句中的It指代hydro power，該句還是圍繞“水力發電”這一話題，由此可排除B、C和D選項，正確答案爲A。
7.[D][位]根據題幹中的surface，depth，ocean等詞查找到第3個小標題Energy From the Sea-Ocean Thermal,Tidal and Wave Energy下首段末句。
解析：在原文該句中，只有選項D的內容有提及，其他內容均沒有原文依據，因此選項D爲本題答案。
8.[biomass]
[定位]根據題幹中的coal，oil，gases和fourth等詞查找到笫4個小標題Biomass下第2段末句。
解析：空白處應爲名詞詞組。題目只是將原文的主語和表語的位置倒轉，由此可見，原文中的主語biomass爲本題答案。
9.[used geothermal hot water]
[定位]根據題幹中的'專有名詞Iceland查找到第5個小標題Geothermal Energy下末段末句。
解析：空白處應爲定語從句的謂賓部分。原文該句中的pioneered表明冰島是首個使用地熱溫泉的地方，在回答問題的時候，注意that後應該是定語從句的謂語，由於事情發生在l943年，該謂語動詞應爲過去式。
10.[the low-pressure steam]
[定位]根據題幹中的conventional power plants和quantum of heat等詞查找到最後一個小標題Co-generation下第2段首句。
解析：空白處應爲名詞詞組。在原文該句中，condensing後面並沒有帶任何賓語，但該段末句中的the low-pressure... is not condensed提示了首句中condensing的賓語應該是該句開頭的the low-pressure steam，這也就是本題答案。