代詞
(一)代詞的分類：英語中代詞分爲：人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關係代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
(二)人稱代詞：人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分爲主格和賓格兩種形式。
1.主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如： I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That’s it.(就那麼回事) / It’s he!(是他!)
2.賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如：Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3.人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之後時,可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如：--Who is it?(是誰?) –It’s I/me.(是我。)
4.三個不同人稱同時出現,或者主語中包含“我”時,按照“you→he→I”的順序表達。如：
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒?) –You and me.(你和我)
5.人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如：--What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What’s the time?(幾點啦?) –It’s 12：00.(12點) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公衆想知道這些人什麼時候能進入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發覺要學好一門外語是非常困難的)
部分名詞用法辨析：
t、game、match、race 的區別：sport通常指“戶外運動”,以鍛鍊爲主,概念較大;game意思是“運動、比賽”,不管戶內戶外還是腦力體力,指以勝負爲主的運動;match意爲“競賽、比賽”,多指正式比賽;race主要表示“賽跑、賽馬、賽車”。如：People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜愛運動) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奧運會將在北京舉行)(被動句) / Our school football team won the league match(聯賽).(我們學校足球隊取得了聯賽冠軍) / They were strong and won the boat race.(湯他們很棒,贏得了划艇比賽)
ival、holiday、vacation的區別：festival“節日”,指喜慶的日子或持續一段時間的文娛活動;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或風俗習慣,複數可以表示一個較長的假期;vacation“假期”,指學習或工作中一段長時間的休息。如：The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海電視節將在下個月舉行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是個假日,多數人不工作) / What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什麼事情?)
ney、tour、trip、travel的區別：journey指在陸地上(或海上或空中)進行的長途旅行,不知終點,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的`巡迴旅行,強調遊覽多處,常用來指觀光等;trip通常指往返定時的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指長期或長途的觀光旅行,尤其指到國外,沒有明確目的地,也作不可數名詞,指旅行這一行爲。如：He made up his mind to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行觀光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好幾次) / Did you go to Santiago(聖地亞哥) during your travels?(旅行期間你去聖地亞哥了嗎?) / Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林裏邊穿行是很危險的)
d、noise、voice的區別：sound指各種聲音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如：The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧囂聲讓我徹夜難眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然間傳來幾聲槍響和一聲尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因爲感冒的緣故,這個歌唱家失去了她銀鈴般的嗓音)
的問題：指許多條魚且不管種類時,用fish,單複數相同;fishes 指許多種類的魚;fish指“魚肉”時是不可數名詞。如：There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子裏有很多種類的魚)/ I prefer fish to meat.(與肉相比我更喜歡魚)
用法辨析：
(1)“Why not+動詞原形+…?”(幹嘛不……?)是簡略句，完全形式是：Why don't you +動詞原形+…?如：Why not go and have a look?(幹嘛不去看看?)/Why not try it once again?(爲什麼不再試試?)
(2) seem(好象)的用法：記住幾個結構：①sb./sth.+seem+(to be+)形容詞+…;②sb./sth.+seem+like +…;③sb/sth+seem+to(do);④It seems that+從句。如：He seemed(to be) very happy when he was called by the headmaster.(被校長叫到名字時他好象很開心)/It seems that nobody else could do such a foolish thing except Jim.(除了吉姆好象沒有什麼人會做出如此愚蠢的事情來)
(3) be afraid(害怕)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be afraid of sth;be afraid of(doing);②be afraid to(do);③be afraid that+從句。如：She is a little afraid of snakes.(她有點怕蛇)/Don't be so afraid to stay at home alone at night.(別害怕晚上一個人在家)/I'm afraid that somebody will take his place because of his serious mistakes.(恐怕有人要取代他了，因爲他犯了那麼大的錯誤)
(4) be sorry(抱歉)的用法：記住幾個結構：①be sorry for(sth);②be sorry for(doing sth);③be sorry to(do);④be sorry that+從句。如：I am very sorry for keeping you waiting so long.(不好意思讓你久等了)I am sorry to trouble you.(對不起，麻煩你了)/I am sorry(that) he isn't here at the moment.(恐怕他現在不在)
(5) be sure(確信)的用法：記住幾個結構： ①be sure of(sth);②be sure to(do);③be sure that+從句。如：She told me many times that she was sure to come.(她給我講過多次她一定會來的)/Are you sure of your answer?Maybe it's wrong.(你對你的答案有把握嗎?也許是錯的。)/I am sure that Dad will help me with the job.(我確信爸爸會幫着我做這件事情的)
(6) make 與do的用法：一般情況下表示進行活動或者做工作用do，表示創造建構某事物用make. 如：I don't know what to do.(我不知道該幹什麼)/I'm not going to do any work.(我不準備做什麼)/My father and I once made a boat.(我和我爸曾經做過一隻船)
此外還要記住一些固定說法：do good/harm/business/one's best/a favour……
make a decision/an effort/a mistake/a noise/a phone call/money/war/the bed/sure，……